Chú thích, tham khảo, nguồn Userkaf

Chú thích

  1. ↑ Proposed dates for Userkaf's reign: 2560—2553 BC,[1] 2513—2506 BC,[2][3][4] 2504—2496 BC,[5] 2498—2491 BC,[6] 2494—2487 BC[7][8][9] 2479—2471 BC,[10] 2466—2458 BC[11] 2465—2458 BC,[12][13][14][15] 2454—2447 BC,[16] 2454—2446 BC,[5] 2435—2429 BC,[17][18] 2392—2385 BC[19]
  2. ↑ The historians Rosalie and Anthony David concur, stating that Userkaf belonged to a side branch of Khafra's family.[9]
  3. ↑ This papyrus, now recognised as non-historical, records a story according to which Userkaf is a son of the god Ra with a woman named Rededjet. In the story, two of Userkaf's brothers are said to rise to the throne after him, displacing Khufu's family from the throne.[32]
  4. ↑ This queen is referred to as Neferhetepes Q in modern Egyptology to distinguish her from preceding women of the same name.[34]
  5. ↑ The attribution of the pyramid to a queen named Neferhetepes is not certain and relies on indirect evidence in the form of an inscription mentioning the queen in the nearby tomb of Persen, a priest of her funerary cult.[35]
  6. ↑ Ludwig Borchardt expanded on the theory according to which Khentkaus I was Userkaf's spouse by positing that Userkaf managed to take the throne at the unexpected death of Shepseskaf and before the legitimate heirs Sahure and Neferirkare were old enough to rule.[40] This hypothesis has been conclusively invalidated by recent research which shows that there were two queens named Khentkaus, the second one being the mother of Nyuserre Ini,[41][42][43] and that Sahure is Userkaf's son,[44][45] while Neferirkare is Sahure's.[46]
  7. ↑ Older analyses of the document by Breasted and Daressy had already established that Userkaf reigned 12 to 14 years[56] or 12 to 13 years[57] respectively.
  8. ↑ Four mentions of the "year of the fifth cattle count" were also discovered on stone tablets from Userkaf's sun temple,[59] which could indicate that Userkaf reigned for 10 years. However, these inscriptions are incomplete. In particular the name of the kings to whose reign they belong is lost, and they might thus instead refer to Sahure's rule[60] or to Neferirkare's[61] rather than that of Userkaf.[62][63] The attribution of these inscriptions to either Sahure or Neferirkare is paramount in determining who completed Userkaf's sun temple, which was unfinished at his death.[64] The tablets detail the division of labour during works on the Nekhenre.[65]
  9. ↑ The seal was in the British Museum at the end of the 19th century.[74]
  10. ↑ Egyptologists including Jürgen von Beckerath rather see Nyuserre's reign as the peak of the solar cult,[77] but for Grimal this is exaggerated.[78]
  11. ↑ The surviving fragments of the annal likely date to the much later 25th Dynasty (fl. 760–656 BCE), but were certainly copied or compiled from Old Kingdom sources.[83]
  12. ↑ More precisely to the "Bas of Heliopolis".[86]
  13. ↑ That is, if cattle counts were indeed biennial. The annals state only that the donations happened in the years of the first and third cattle counts.[87]
  14. ↑ With catalog number JE 90220.[98]
  15. ↑ The head measures 17,2 cm (6,8 in)[Chuyển đổi: Số không hợp lệ] in height with a width of 6,5 cm (2,6 in)[Chuyển đổi: Số không hợp lệ] and a depth of 7,2 cm (2,8 in)[Chuyển đổi: Số không hợp lệ]. Its catalog number is 1979.2.[16]
  16. ↑ Verner and Zemina report that some Egyptologists, whom they do not name, have proposed that Abusir was chosen as the southernmost point from which one may have been able to glimpse the sun above the obelisk of the religious center of Ra in Heliopolis.[105] This observation is contested by Goedicke[106] for whom "the supposed proximity to Heliopolis forthe choice of the site hardly played a role".[107] Grimal instead conjectures that Abusir was chosen for its proximity to Sakhebu, a locality some 10 km (6,2 mi) north of Abu Rawash, which is mentioned in various sources such as the Westcar Papyrus as a cult center of Ra and which may have been the home town of Userkaf's father, in the hypothesis that he was a grandson of Djedefre.[21]
  17. ↑ Verner and Zemina are convinced that the presence of Userkaf's sun temple in Abusir explains the subsequent development of the necropolis,[108] but Goedicke sees this only as a "vague association" leaving the choice of Abusir as royal necropolis "inexplicable".[104]
  18. ↑ Goedicke also notes that the line passing through Userkaf's pyramid and sun temple also passes through the apex of Khufu's pyramid in Giza, an alignment which he believes must be intentional, yet cannot explain.[110]

Tham khảo

  1. ↑ Hayes 1978, tr. 58.
  2. 1 2 3 Verner 2001c, tr. 91.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Altenmüller 2001, tr. 598.
  4. 1 2 3 El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005, tr. 61.
  5. 1 2 von Beckerath 1997, tr. 188.
  6. ↑ Clayton 1994, tr. 60.
  7. ↑ Malek 2000a, tr. 98 & 482.
  8. ↑ Rice 1999, tr. 215.
  9. 1 2 3 4 David & David 2001, tr. 164.
  10. ↑ von Beckerath 1999, tr. 285.
  11. 1 2 3 Helck 1981, tr. 63.
  12. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica 2018.
  13. ↑ Arnold 1999.
  14. 1 2 3 Wilkinson 2000, tr. 121.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Lehner 2008, tr. 140.
  16. 1 2 3 CMA 2018.
  17. ↑ Strudwick 1985, tr. 3.
  18. ↑ Hornung 2012, tr. 491.
  19. ↑ Dodson & Hilton 2004, tr. 288.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Leprohon 2013, tr. 38.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grimal 1992, tr. 75.
  22. 1 2 3 Magi 2008, tr. 12.
  23. ↑ Digital Egypt 2018.
  24. 1 2 3 Malek 2000a, tr. 98.
  25. ↑ Guerrier 2006, tr. 414.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Verner 2001b, tr. 588.
  27. ↑ El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005, tr. 33.
  28. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 68, Table 2.
  29. ↑ Rice 1999, tr. 131.
  30. ↑ Rice 1999, tr. 67–68.
  31. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 72 & 75.
  32. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 70 & 72.
  33. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 72—75.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Dodson & Hilton 2004, tr. 65.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Verner 2002, tr. 209.
  36. 1 2 Verner 2007, tr. 9.
  37. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 118.
  38. 1 2 3 Clayton 1994, tr. 61.
  39. ↑ David & David 2001, tr. 68.
  40. 1 2 Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 119.
  41. ↑ Verner 1980a, tr. 161, fig. 5.
  42. ↑ Baud 1999a, tr. 234.
  43. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 126.
  44. 1 2 Labrousse & Lauer 2000.
  45. ↑ Baud 1999b, tr. 494.
  46. ↑ El-Awady 2006, tr. 208–213.
  47. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 102 & 118.
  48. ↑ Verner 2002, tr. 263.
  49. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 68 & 85.
  50. ↑ David & David 2001, tr. 127.
  51. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 67–68.
  52. ↑ Dorman 2002, tr. 101 & 107.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Grimal 1992, tr. 76.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Malek 2000a, tr. 98–99.
  55. 1 2 von Beckerath 1997, tr. 155.
  56. ↑ Breasted 1906, tr. 68–69, § 153–160.
  57. ↑ Daressy 1912, tr. 206.
  58. ↑ Hornung 2012, tr. 484.
  59. 1 2 Verner 2001a, tr. 386.
  60. ↑ Verner 2001a, tr. 388—390.
  61. ↑ Kaiser 1956, tr. 108.
  62. ↑ Verner 2001a, tr. 386—387.
  63. ↑ Strudwick 2005, tr. 158.
  64. ↑ Verner 2001a, tr. 386–387.
  65. ↑ Strudwick 2005, tr. 158, see also footnote 2.
  66. ↑ Verner 2001a, tr. 385.
  67. ↑ Hornung 2012, tr. 136.
  68. 1 2 Waddell 1971, tr. 51.
  69. ↑ Daressy 1912, tr. 205.
  70. 1 2 Burkard, Thissen & Quack 2003, tr. 178.
  71. ↑ Redford 2001, tr. 336–337.
  72. 1 2 Goedicke 2000, tr. 405–406.
  73. 1 2 3 Petrie 1897, tr. 70.
  74. ↑ Petrie 1897, tr. 71.
  75. ↑ Petrie 1917, pl. IX.
  76. 1 2 Malek 2000a, tr. 99.
  77. ↑ von Beckerath 1982, tr. 517–518.
  78. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 78.
  79. ↑ Verner 2002, tr. 265.
  80. ↑ Arnold 2003, tr. 86.
  81. 1 2 Wilkinson 2000, tr. 200.
  82. ↑ Arnold 1996, tr. 107.
  83. ↑ Bárta 2017, tr. 2.
  84. ↑ Allen et al. 1999, tr. 3.
  85. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 46.
  86. 1 2 3 Strudwick 2005, tr. 69.
  87. ↑ Strudwick 2005, tr. 69–70.
  88. 1 2 3 Strudwick 2005, tr. 70.
  89. ↑ Daressy 1912, tr. 172.
  90. 1 2 Breasted 1906, tr. 100–106, § 216–230.
  91. ↑ Breasted 1906, § 219.
  92. ↑ Allen et al. 1999, tr. 324.
  93. ↑ Edwards 2004, tr. 2,90 & 106.
  94. 1 2 Altenmüller 1995, tr. 48.
  95. ↑ Goedicke 1967, tr. 63, n. 34.
  96. ↑ Baud & Dobrev 1995, tr. 33, footnote f.
  97. ↑ Altenmüller 1995, tr. 47–48.
  98. ↑ Stadelmann 2007.
  99. 1 2 Allen et al. 1999, tr. 315.
  100. ↑ Quirke 2001, tr. 127.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 Lehner 2008, tr. 150.
  102. ↑ Kaplony 1981, A. Text p. 242 and B. pls. 72,8.
  103. ↑ Verner 2000, tr. 588–589, footnote 30.
  104. 1 2 Goedicke 2000, tr. 408.
  105. 1 2 3 Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 102.
  106. 1 2 Goedicke 2000, tr. 407.
  107. ↑ Voß 2004, tr. 8.
  108. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 68.
  109. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 53, 102 & 111.
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Goedicke 2000, tr. 406.
  111. 1 2 3 4 Janák, Vymazalová & Coppens 2011, tr. 432.
  112. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 102–103.
  113. 1 2 3 Verner 2002, tr. 266.
  114. ↑ Voß 2004, tr. 7.
  115. ↑ Lepsius 1972, tr. 131.
  116. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 217.
  117. 1 2 Edel, Ricke & 1965—1969.
  118. ↑ Breasted 1906, tr. 68, § 156.
  119. ↑ Gundlach 2001, tr. 375.
  120. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 124.
  121. 1 2 Lehner 2008, tr. 151.
  122. ↑ Janák, Vymazalová & Coppens 2011, tr. 441–442.
  123. ↑ Verner 2001a, tr. 390.
  124. ↑ Verner 2001a, tr. 387–389.
  125. ↑ Nuzzolo 2007, tr. 1402–1403.
  126. ↑ Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 50.
  127. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 116, Table 3.
  128. ↑ Arnold 2001, tr. 427.
  129. ↑ Grimal 1992, tr. 76–78.
  130. ↑ El-Khouly 1978, tr. 35.
  131. 1 2 Verner & Zemina 1994, tr. 53.
  132. 1 2 Wilkinson 2000, tr. 126.
  133. 1 2 3 El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005, tr. 75.
  134. ↑ El-Awady 2006, tr. 192–198.
  135. 1 2 Lehner 2008, tr. 141.
  136. ↑ Verner 2002, tr. 278–279.
  137. ↑ Gauthier 1906, tr. 42.
  138. ↑ Desplancques 2006, tr. 212.
  139. ↑ Mariette 1889, tr. 313.
  140. ↑ Mariette 1889, tr. 310–312.
  141. ↑ Mariette 1889, tr. 314–315.
  142. ↑ Sethe 1903, Ch.1 § 19.
  143. ↑ Mariette 1889, tr. 304.
  144. ↑ Mariette 1889, tr. 316–322.
  145. ↑ Sethe 1903, Ch.1 § 24.
  146. ↑ Sethe 1903, Ch.1 § 30.
  147. ↑ Hayes 1978, tr. 102–103.
  148. ↑ Rice 1999, tr. 141.
  149. ↑ Morales 2006, tr. 336.
  150. ↑ Strudwick 2005, tr. 83.
  151. ↑ Malek 2000b, tr. 257.
  152. ↑ Wildung 1969, tr. 74–76.
  153. ↑ Gauthier 1906, tr. 41–42.
  154. ↑ Verner 1998, tr. 308.
  155. ↑ Mahfouz 2006.
  156. ↑ IMDb 2019.

Nguồn

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Tiền vị
Shepseskaf
hoặc
Djedefptah		Pharaon của Ai Cập
Vương triều thứ 5		Kế vị
Sahure
Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Userkaf.

Thời kỳ

Vương triều

  • Pharaon (nam
  • nữ ♀)
  • không chắc chắn
Tiền Vương triều
(trước năm 3150 TCN)
Hạ
Thượng
Sơ triều đại
(3150–2686 TCN)
I
II
Cổ Vương quốc
(2686–2181 TCN)
III
IV
V
VI
Thời kỳ Chuyển tiếp thứ Nhất
(2181–2040 TCN)

Thời kỳ

Vương triều

  • Pharaon (nam
  • nữ ♀)
  • không chắc chắn
Trung Vương quốc
(2040–1802 TCN)
XI
Nubia
XII
Thời kỳ Chuyển tiếp thứ Hai
(1802–1550 TCN)
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
Abydos
XVII

Thời kỳ

Vương triều

  • Pharaon (nam
  • nữ ♀)
  • không chắc chắn
Tân Vương quốc
(1550–1070 TCN)
XVIII
XIX
XX
Thời kỳ Chuyển tiếp thứ Ba
(1069–664 TCN)
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV

Thời kỳ

Vương triều

  • Pharaon (nam
  • nữ ♀)
  • không chắc chắn
Hậu nguyên
(664–332 TCN)
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XXXI
Thuộc Hy Lạp
(332–30 TCN)
Argead
Ptolemaios

Tài liệu tham khảo

WikiPedia: Userkaf http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.... http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/Forgotten%20Phar... http://edoc3.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/lepsius/ http://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2004/210... http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/v... http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/mariette18... http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/sites/dl-pa.home.nyu.edu.... http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/012/09/ http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/Bifao095_art_03.pd... http://www.archaeogate.org/egittologia/article/657...